When Conservation Conflicts with Livelihoods: A Systematic Review of Ecological–Socioeconomic Trade-offs in Coastal Resource Management
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55927/zc020k75Keywords:
Coastal Resource Management, Ecological–Socioeconomic Trade-Offs, Conservation–Livelihood Conflicts, Coastal Governance, Sustainable Coastal DevelopmentAbstract
Coastal resource management is increasingly challenged by ecological–socioeconomic trade-offs arising from competing conservation and livelihood objectives. This study conducts a systematic review to synthesize global evidence on the types, drivers, governance responses, and outcomes of such trade-offs in coastal systems. Following a PRISMA-based approach, the review identifies recurring patterns across diverse contexts, highlighting temporal, spatial, and stakeholder-based trade-offs driven by coastal development, overfishing, aquaculture expansion, tourism, and climate change. The findings reveal that governance plays a critical role in shaping outcomes, yet remains constrained by fragmented institutions and limited stakeholder inclusion. While some approaches, such as co-management and ecosystem-based strategies, show promise, their effectiveness is context-dependent. This study proposes an integrated conceptual framework linking drivers, trade-offs, governance, and outcomes, emphasizing that trade-offs are inevitable but manageable. The results underscore the need for adaptive, inclusive, and integrated governance to achieve sustainable and equitable coastal resource management
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