Tofu Dregs Fermentation with Effective Microorganism-4 (EM-4) and its Implications to the Performance Ranks of Chicken Broiler+
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55927/pagw1e23Keywords:
Tofu Dregs, Consumption, Weight Gain, Conversion Body, Broiler Chicken RationsAbstract
The purpose of this research is to study the effect of the addition of fermented tofu dregs with EM-4 in ration consumption, weight gain, and conversion of broiler chicken ration. The material used in this research is 75 broiler chickens that are not distinguished by gender. R0 = Ration control, R1 = Ration 5% Tofu fermented tofu, 95% commercial ration, R2 = Ration 10% Tofu fermented, 90% Rations Commercial, R3 = Ration 15% Tofu fermented tofu, 85% Commercial ration, R4 = Ration 20% Tofu fermented tofu, 80% Commercial ration. The method used is a Completely Randomized Design (RAL) consisting of 5 treatments and 5 replications so it takes 25 units of cages, each unit of a cage containing 3 chickens so required 75 broiler chickens. The data generated were analyzed using statistical analysis if there were significant differences in Duncan's multiple tests. The observed variables included feed intake, weight gain, and ration conversion. The results showed that the addition of tofu dregs fermentation with EM-4 did not give a significant effect (P> 0.05) on the consumption of ration to 20% while, the ration conversion was not significantly different (P <0.5) to 15 percent but significantly different (P <0.5) with 20 percent
References
Aathika, S., Rawoof, A., Kumar, P. S., Viet, D., Kubendran, N. V., & Yuvarani, D. (2021). Production of optically pure lactic acid by microbial fermentation : a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 19(1), 539–556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01083-w
Adetunji, C. O., Olaniyan, O. T., Dash, R., & Varma, A. (2022). Roles of Beneficial Microorganisms for the Effective Production of Commercial Animal Feed BT - Animal Manure: Agricultural and Biotechnological Applications (S. Mahajan & A. Varma (Eds.); pp. 285–296). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97291-2_17
Afandi, R., Hartono, B., & Djunaidi, I. (2020). The Analysis of Production Costs of Laying Hen Farms Using Semi Self-Mixing and Total Self-Mixing Feeds in Blitar Regency , East Java. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 43(1), 70–76.
Astutik, D., Rahhutami, R., Handini, A. S., & Sutopo, A. (2020). The Utilization of Effective Microorganism 4 ( EM4 ) on Growth of Oil Palm Seedling in Pre Nursery. International Journal of Multi Discipline Science (IJ-MDS), 3(2), 39–43.
Barzegar, S., Wu, S.-B., Choct, M., & Swick, R. A. (2020). Factors affecting energy metabolism and evaluating net energy of poultry feed. Poultry Science, 99(1), 487–498. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez554
Bonde, N., Hasim, & Tuiyo, R. (2021). The Effect of Chicken Manure and Tofu Dregs on Biomass Growth of Silkworm. Nikè: Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 9(2), 33–37.
Cao, Y., Xu, M., Lu, J., & Cai, G. (2024). Simultaneous Microbial Fermentation and Enzymolysis: A Biotechnology Strategy to Improve the Nutritional and Functional Quality of Soybean Meal. Food Reviews International, 40(5), 1296–1311. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2023.2212048
Cherdthong, A., Feed, T., & Kaen, K. (2025). An overview of alternative protein sources for ruminants in the tropical. Sciendo, 25(1), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2024-0049
Crini, G., Lichtfouse, E., Chanet, G., & Morin, N. (2020). Applications of hemp in textiles , paper industry , insulation and building materials , horticulture , animal nutrition , food and beverages , nutraceuticals , cosmetics and hygiene , medicine , agrochemistry , energy production and environment : a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 18(5), 1451–1476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01029-2
Damry, H. B., Hatta, U., & Sundu, B. (2020). Fermented Coconut Dregs Quality and Their Effects on the Performance of Broiler Chickens. Al Science Journal 43(3):219-226 Tropical Animal Science Journal, 43(3), 219–226.
Effendi, S., Ahmad, I., & Saleh, M. (2023). The Analysis of Income of Broiler Chicken Farmers Partnership Pattern at Al-An ’ am Farm Journal of Agriculture ( JoA ). Journal of Agriculture, 2(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.47709/joa.v2i01.2335
Eska, N., & Nasution, A. (2022). Journal of Science and Technological Education Production of Liquid Compost with EM 4 Bio Activator Volume Variation from Vegetable and Fruit Waste. Journal of Science and Technological Education (META), 1(1).
Ezzulddin, T. A., & Jwher, D. M. (2022). Beneficial Microorganisms in Animal Production and environment. Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, 7(3), 64–71.
Fajar, B. A., Putri, K. A., & Persada, A. Y. (2021). Effect of Ration Fortification from Tofu Waste , Crabs and Curcuma Longa on Feed Intake , Feed Conversion and Organoleptic Properties of Broiler Chicken Meat. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 576(Icstms 2020), 201–204.
Frankham, R. (2010). Challenges and opportunities of genetic approaches to biological conservation. Biological Conservation, 143(9), 1919–1927. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.05.011
Ginting, E., Adi, D., Elisabeth, A., Khamidah, A., Rinaldi, J., Ambarsari, I., & Satya, S. (2024). The nutritional and economic potential of tofu dreg (okara) and its utilization for high protein food products in Indonesia. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 16, 101175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101175
Grudlewska-buda, K. (2022). Two Faces of Fermented Foods — The Benefits and Threats of Its Consumption. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13(March), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.845166
Gupta, K., Gupta, S., Doron, A. F., Patil, A. S., & Levy, Y. (2021). Deep transcriptomic study reveals the role of cell wall biosynthesis and organization networks in the developing shell of peanut pod. BMC Plant Biology, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-03290-1
Harefa, A. K., Riauwaty, M., & Rumondang, A. (2024). Optimasi Pemberian Probiotik Em4 (Effective Microorganism-4) dengan Konsentrasi Yang Berbeda Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Kelulushidupan Benih Ikan Mas (Cyprinus carpio). Fisheries Journal, 14(3), 1457–1470.
Hasanah, N., Haryuni, N., & Wahyono, N. D. (2024). The effect of EM-4 dosage in fermentation on the quality of soy milk waste (SMW) as an alternative feed ingredient to increase production cost efficiency in the poultry business. 6th International Conference on Food and Agriculture (ICoFA), 1338. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1338/1/012020
Holland, C., Ryden, P., & Edwards, C. H. (2020). Plant Cell Walls : Impact on Nutrient Bioaccessibility. Foods, 9(201), 1–16.
Hossain, M. J., Alam, A. N., Kim, S.-H., Kim, C.-J., Joo, S.-T., & Hwang, Y.-H. (2025). Techniques and Emerging Trends in Flavor and Taste Development in Meat. Food Science of Animal Resources, 45(1), 266–281. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2024.e131
Huang, Z., Zhou, H., Jiang, Q., He, W., & Zhou, X. (2022). Study on the quality change and deterioration mechanism of leisure dried tofu under different storage temperature conditions. LWT-Food Sccience Technology, 172(December), 114257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114257
Id, J. T., Driscoll, R. O., Horgan, G., Duarte, C., Palmeira, L., Larsen, S. C., Heitmann, B. L., & Stubbs, J. (2020). Weekly , seasonal and holiday body weight fluctuation patterns among individuals engaged in a European multi-centre behavioural weight loss maintenance intervention. Plos One, 15(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232152
Jamil, M. H., Pakiding, W., & Ridwan, M. (2025). Examining the effect of farmer ’ s characteristics and production costs on the income of the layer chicken farm : on the lookout for an applicable management plan for boosting the breeder ’ s income. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 9, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1555709
Kurniawan, L., Maryudi, M., & Astuti, E. (2024). Utilization of Tofu Liquid Waste as Liquid Organic Fertilizer Using the Fermentation Method with Activator Effective Microorganisms 4 ( EM-4 ): A Review. Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering, 8(1), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v8i1.84056
Mengqi, Z., Shi, A., & Ajmal, M. (2023). Comprehensive review on agricultural waste utilization and high-temperature fermentation and composting. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13, 5445–5468.
Mulyono, M. (2022). Bioconversion of fermented tofu waste into high protein alternative feed using black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 7(December), 185–188.
Naeem, F., Rahman, F., & Asman, S. (2024). Physicochemical Properties and Shelf-Life Evaluation of Nutrient Fortified Dehydrated Tofu for Satiety. Enhanced Knowledge in Sciences and Technology, 4(1), 425–434. https://doi.org/10.30880/ekst.2024.04.01.048
Panadi, M., Mat, K., Rusli, N. D., & Darmansah, N. F. (2022). Cost-effectiveness of Total Mixed Ration with Varying Crude Protein Levels for Feeding Dorper Lambs for Human Consumption. Journal of Human Centered Technology, 1(2), 17–25.
Rege, J. E. O., & Gibson, J. P. (2003). Animal genetic resources and economic development: issues in relation to economic valuation. Ecological Economics, 45(3), 319–330. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00087-9
Rosada, I., & Sirajuddin, S. N. (2024). The Impact of the Externality of Tofu Manufacturing Business on the Social , Economic , and Environmental Aspects of the Community. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(10), 7606–7612. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i10.8890
Saleh, E., Djunaidi, I. H., & Widodo, E. (2020). The Effect of Fermented Corn Straw as a Substitute for Rice Bran in the Ration on the Performance of Cross Breed Native Chickens. Sys Rev Pharm, 11(12), 725–729.
Sari, C. P., Arrishala, B. M., & Bilhaq, G. M. (2024). Utilization of Tofu Dregs Waste as a Value Added Product in Pondokrejo Village , Jember. TGO Journal of Community Development, 2(2), 82–87.
Sharma, R., Garg, P., Kumar, P., Bhatia, S. K., & Kulshrestha, S. (2020). Microbial Fermentation and Its Role in Quality Improvement of Fermented Foods. Fermentation, 6(4), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6040106
Somboonchai, T., Foiklang, S., Panatuk, J., Cherdthong, A., & Laorodphan, N. (2022). Replacement of soybean meal by red yeast fermented tofu waste on feed intake , growth performance , carcass characteristics , and meat quality in Thai Brahman crossbred beef cattle. Tropical Animal Health and Production. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-022-03127-5
Stanojević, S. P., Kostić, A. Ž., Milinčić, D. D., Stanojević, A. B., & Pešić, M. B. (2023). Composition of proteins in fresh whey as waste in tofu processing. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 58(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2022.2162300
Study, C. (2024). Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost of tofu production and its extended recycling scenario. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 10(2), 487–502. https://doi.org/10.22034/gjesm.2024.02.05
Sugiharto, S., & Nuengjamnong, C. (2025). An update review on the use of agro-industrial byproducts on carcass and meat quality of broiler chickens. Discover Food, 5(203).
Sun, W., Shahrajabian, M. H., & Lin, M. (2022). Research Progress of Fermented Functional Foods and Protein Factory-Microbial Fermentation Technology. Fermentation, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8120688
Tejeda, O. J., & Kim, W. K. (2021). Role of Dietary Fiber in Poultry Nutrition. Animals, 11(461).
Terefe, N. S., & Augustin, M. A. (2019). Fermentation for tailoring the technological and health related functionality of food products functionality of food products. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition ISSN:, 8398. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1666250
Thaliya, A., & Amrina, D. H. (2023). Green Economy and Partnership Program in the Tofu Processing Industry : Towards Social-Economic Systems Driving Sustainable Development. JIEP: Journal of Islamic Economic Economics and Philanthropy, 6(May), 146–161.
Wolaver, T. M. (2021). The Effect of Inputs on Poultry Production Output. TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters, 5.
Yami, Y., Esatu, W., Rege, E., Hoang, H., Cuc, N. T. K., Sothyra Tum, C. T., & Dessie, T. (2024). Smallholder chicken production manual: A farmers’ training and reference manual to inform day-to-day production decisions. ILRI Manual 74.
Yan, H., Jin, J. Q., Yang, P., Yu, B., He, J., Mao, X. B., Yu, J., & Chen, D. W. (2022). Fermented soybean meal increases nutrient digestibility via the improvement of intestinal function, anti-oxidative capacity and immune function of weaned pigs. Animal, 16(6), 100557. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2022.100557
Ye, Y., Yang, R., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Wu, W., Liao, L., & Zhang, Y. (2025). Effects of different drying methods on the properties of rice flour and the quality of rice tofu. Journal of Cereal Science, 123, 104139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2025.104139
Yin, D., Chrystal, P. V, Moss, A. F., Yun, S., Yuan, J., & Selle, P. H. (2020). E ff ects of reducing dietary crude protein and whole grain feeding on performance and amino acid metabolism in broiler chickens o ff ered wheat-based diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 260(May 2019), 114386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114386
Zheng, L., Regenstein, J. M., Teng, F., & Li, Y. (2020). Tofu products: A review of their raw materials, processing conditions, and packaging. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 19(6), 3683–3714. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12640
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Mihrani, Abdulmalik AlHajj (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.




















